What three classes of drugs are associated with gingival enlargement?

Gingival enlargement, also known as gingival hyperplasia, can occur as a side effect of specific drug classes. The correct answer highlights three key drug classes known for this side effect: anticonvulsants, cyclosporins, and calcium channel blockers.

Anticonvulsants, particularly phenytoin, are well-documented for causing gingival overgrowth. This occurs due to the medication's effect on fibroblast proliferation and collagen production in the gum tissue, leading to hypertrophy.

Cyclosporin, an immunosuppressant often used in transplant patients, is also known to cause gingival enlargement. The drug alters the proliferation of gingival fibroblasts, similarly resulting in hyperplasia.

Calcium channel blockers, like nifedipine, can induce gingival overgrowth as well, and this is thought to be related to the drug's impact on vascular smooth muscle and, subsequently, the gingival tissue's response.

Together, these three classes of drugs share a common mechanism that influences the gingival tissues, ultimately leading to enlargement. Understanding this association is vital for healthcare practitioners when managing patients on these medications, ensuring that they monitor for such side effects and provide appropriate dental care.